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        <title>NotionNext BLOG</title>
        <link>https://me.zhengliang.org/</link>
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            <title><![CDATA[领带打结的方法]]></title>
            <link>https://me.zhengliang.org/article/38baeba4-7ef5-4e8e-ac9e-d4f5153cc261</link>
            <guid>https://me.zhengliang.org/article/38baeba4-7ef5-4e8e-ac9e-d4f5153cc261</guid>
            <pubDate>Mon, 13 May 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <content:encoded><![CDATA[<div id="notion-article" class="mx-auto overflow-hidden "><main class="notion light-mode notion-page notion-block-38baeba47ef54e8eac9ed4f5153cc261"><div class="notion-viewport"></div><div class="notion-collection-page-properties"></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-ea4ab6cb378943cea645896d57446e39">一个提供领带打法图解的在线网站，能够为我们图解多种领带的打法。</div><div class="notion-text notion-block-e8615ee3d96745d6b7db899452108881"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="notion-link" href="https://www.tieknot.com/dalingdai.html">https://www.tieknot.com/dalingdai.html</a></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-18f7e59efd7c44ada55659c6aca2b35f">该网站系统地介绍了各种经典的领带打法，如单结、双环结、温温莎结、百福结、小结、交叉节等。通过详细的步步骤图片和说明，教导我们如何正确打出这些领带结，我们可以在网站上学习到打出漂亮结型的技巧。</div><h2 class="notion-h notion-h1 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-9c3f82f024524625af6bfbd4b42cce9f" data-id="9c3f82f024524625af6bfbd4b42cce9f"><span><div id="9c3f82f024524625af6bfbd4b42cce9f" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#9c3f82f024524625af6bfbd4b42cce9f" title="1.单结"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">1.单结</span></span></h2><div class="notion-text notion-block-4080c0585ffb4e419a31664bc1e28a6a"><b>单结</b>：领带结的古典形式。这是最常用的一种结法。打结和解结都非常容易。对大部分的领带和几乎所有的衬衫领都非常适合。</div><div class="notion-text notion-block-a959980df3034a1c93f9021bfbb2b857">最后，为了打好单结，需要注意：</div><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-a3af67ec5e8b4fa694f356f7e1295eb8"><li>领带结需要与衬衫领和谐搭配。它应该不太紧，也不太松地系在衬衫领上</li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-67917ad0082049b19d283156d2b60e26"><li>领带的最宽部分（即在“最宽点”前）应位于腰带处</li></ul><figure class="notion-asset-wrapper notion-asset-wrapper-image notion-block-d7bb19d3cabf4a95a89e88985826b560"><div style="position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-self:center;width:530px;max-width:100%;flex-direction:column"><img style="object-fit:cover" src="https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2023/gif/40499347/1703177269786-07f8edf7-b8e2-448a-9fc5-df7fe679dec4.gif?t=d7bb19d3-cabf-4a95-a89e-88985826b560" alt="notion image" loading="lazy" decoding="async"/></div></figure><h2 class="notion-h notion-h1 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-aa1b950315ea457aa018a0bc53ab9d88" data-id="aa1b950315ea457aa018a0bc53ab9d88"><span><div id="aa1b950315ea457aa018a0bc53ab9d88" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#aa1b950315ea457aa018a0bc53ab9d88" title="2.双单结"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">2.双单结</span></span></h2><div class="notion-text notion-block-30698ffafa9b40fbb4a62ebbef19629d"><b>双单结类似单结</b>: 它们的不同在于前者有两个结，即两圈。</div><div class="notion-text notion-block-abb7509c73d64bfa993508c7d3ec3ec9">这种结适合个子矮小的男士, 它适合意大利领和稍细的领带且简单易做。</div><figure class="notion-asset-wrapper notion-asset-wrapper-image notion-block-e47a774f18e2484190102d18d4311472"><div style="position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-self:center;width:530px;max-width:100%;flex-direction:column"><img style="object-fit:cover" src="https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2023/gif/40499347/1703177312084-e5317130-5f07-4ab2-8685-504b4daeaaec.gif?t=e47a774f-18e2-4841-9010-2d18d4311472" alt="notion image" loading="lazy" decoding="async"/></div></figure><h2 class="notion-h notion-h1 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-bdddd0e85ec9433fad6ad8e9a1d7b8b4" data-id="bdddd0e85ec9433fad6ad8e9a1d7b8b4"><span><div id="bdddd0e85ec9433fad6ad8e9a1d7b8b4" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#bdddd0e85ec9433fad6ad8e9a1d7b8b4" title="3.Windsor (温莎结)"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">3.Windsor (温莎结)</span></span></h2><div class="notion-text notion-block-d0cb018aa584493a9c407fef75d20f5f"><b>由Windsor</b>公爵引起潮流的Windsor结是种非常英国式的漂亮领带结法。</div><div class="notion-text notion-block-a21ec019597a40d0a83784f00df040a5">它体积大，因此适合系在分得很开的衣领上（例如意大利衣领）和很细的领带上。这种结要非常对称地打才能成功。</div><div class="notion-text notion-block-b2466ddb83f7475eab370eea8282cb70">操作起来有点复杂。</div><figure class="notion-asset-wrapper notion-asset-wrapper-image notion-block-2a8bcece1b3445bfa1dc0505353bc073"><div style="position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-self:center;width:530px;max-width:100%;flex-direction:column"><img style="object-fit:cover" src="https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2023/gif/40499347/1703177365412-e5c0f988-60cc-4b6e-bc57-ce09c2fa56ee.gif?t=2a8bcece-1b34-45bf-a1dc-0505353bc073" alt="notion image" loading="lazy" decoding="async"/></div></figure><h2 class="notion-h notion-h1 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-c583fe58399742df962e70c2045f8637" data-id="c583fe58399742df962e70c2045f8637"><span><div id="c583fe58399742df962e70c2045f8637" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#c583fe58399742df962e70c2045f8637" title="4.半Windsor"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">4.半Windsor</span></span></h2><div class="notion-text notion-block-abf81eac94da4d948e0fb751012da639"><b>半Windsor</b>结较Windsor结稍薄，做起来也更容易。它非常适合细领带、优质的丝织品和敞开的衣领。</div><figure class="notion-asset-wrapper notion-asset-wrapper-image notion-block-e22fba094c3d4d26bd6ac0c054f10444"><div style="position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-self:center;width:530px;max-width:100%;flex-direction:column"><img style="object-fit:cover" src="https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2023/gif/40499347/1703177395336-bdb010bc-86c9-4af7-ad9b-f385174d45d6.gif?t=e22fba09-4c3d-4d26-bd6a-c0c054f10444" alt="notion image" loading="lazy" decoding="async"/></div></figure><h2 class="notion-h notion-h1 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-9f34223655064c459b64e6c2b6d79e87" data-id="9f34223655064c459b64e6c2b6d79e87"><span><div id="9f34223655064c459b64e6c2b6d79e87" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#9f34223655064c459b64e6c2b6d79e87" title="5.小结"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">5.小结</span></span></h2><div class="notion-text notion-block-64d54d9205ec42419bcfd1ac8efb4b67"><b>小结</b>: 如其名看起来小，因此适合厚的领带（例如丝织品）和紧扣的衣领。</div><div class="notion-text notion-block-e4c14348f02f40488a72f8671d95c1cf">注意别忘记将领带的一部分翻转180度（看以下的图表）</div><div class="notion-text notion-block-a48bd2f148e749f784e3d4263e2cf4fc">这种结做起来非常容易。</div><figure class="notion-asset-wrapper notion-asset-wrapper-image notion-block-6a6cb369e9644f4e9a73eb84c5f12d83"><div style="position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-self:center;width:530px;max-width:100%;flex-direction:column"><img style="object-fit:cover" src="https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2023/gif/40499347/1703177416951-1bccee46-779a-49e8-b17c-be13c615ce5a.gif?t=6a6cb369-e964-4f4e-9a73-eb84c5f12d83" alt="notion image" loading="lazy" decoding="async"/></div></figure><h2 class="notion-h notion-h1 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-bdf3311f31ea4a53a60fb93da7206440" data-id="bdf3311f31ea4a53a60fb93da7206440"><span><div id="bdf3311f31ea4a53a60fb93da7206440" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#bdf3311f31ea4a53a60fb93da7206440" title="6.交叉结"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">6.交叉结</span></span></h2><div class="notion-text notion-block-0051c2c0a3564ea781ff02f31afc0583">交叉结: 适用于小领带，很漂亮但打起来很麻烦。</div><figure class="notion-asset-wrapper notion-asset-wrapper-image notion-block-eff35369f5a6483ea885528e8b4beb9b"><div style="position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-self:center;width:565px;max-width:100%;flex-direction:column"><img style="object-fit:cover" src="https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2023/gif/40499347/1703177446586-ebc497be-5af9-43aa-8459-fb378b33d945.gif?t=eff35369-f5a6-483e-a885-528e8b4beb9b" alt="notion image" loading="lazy" decoding="async"/></div></figure></main></div>]]></content:encoded>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[20种论文图表制作教程]]></title>
            <link>https://me.zhengliang.org/article/0217cee6-4ec8-48d1-90cd-abb9691f6c4e</link>
            <guid>https://me.zhengliang.org/article/0217cee6-4ec8-48d1-90cd-abb9691f6c4e</guid>
            <pubDate>Mon, 13 May 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <content:encoded><![CDATA[<div id="notion-article" class="mx-auto overflow-hidden "><main class="notion light-mode notion-page notion-block-0217cee64ec848d190cdabb9691f6c4e"><div class="notion-viewport"></div><div class="notion-collection-page-properties"></div><h2 class="notion-h notion-h1 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-e217c882ce534865bb1f71d938eb8879" data-id="e217c882ce534865bb1f71d938eb8879"><span><div id="e217c882ce534865bb1f71d938eb8879" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#e217c882ce534865bb1f71d938eb8879" title="1.局部放大组合图表"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">1.局部放大组合图表</span></span></h2><div class="notion-text notion-block-bf5f1e89afdd46e99d09a3ff773b241c">在文献中，你可能会看到一种“局部放大”的组合图表，比如，在全基因组关联分析（GWAS）中，可展示部分染色体区域SNP与某个性状相关性的P value值，或者在细胞图谱中展示特定区域细胞亚群的分类信息。其实，使用ggmagnify包可轻松完成这类图表的绘制。</div><figure class="notion-asset-wrapper notion-asset-wrapper-image notion-block-1189e6b81da54c4cbab9bdf533180ca0"><div style="position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-self:center;width:700px;max-width:100%;flex-direction:column"><img style="object-fit:cover" src="https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2024/png/40499347/1704544695469-1b149736-b86e-4516-bbd0-57cd5a2893af.png?t=1189e6b8-1da5-4c4c-bab9-bdf533180ca0" alt="notion image" loading="lazy" decoding="async"/></div></figure><figure class="notion-asset-wrapper notion-asset-wrapper-image notion-block-0a28a9c4c0b24da0a4e355c40f6d18d6"><div style="position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-self:center;width:700px;max-width:100%;flex-direction:column"><img style="object-fit:cover" src="https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2024/png/40499347/1704544695448-76cc4e6f-eb0e-4a05-bedb-25e14d5f336d.png?t=0a28a9c4-c0b2-4da0-a4e3-55c40f6d18d6" alt="notion image" loading="lazy" decoding="async"/></div></figure><figure class="notion-asset-wrapper notion-asset-wrapper-image notion-block-df4bfe23f9e341cdbb04677a5bc378ce"><div style="position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-self:center;width:700px;max-width:100%;flex-direction:column"><img style="object-fit:cover" src="https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2024/png/40499347/1704544695492-13d2164b-efe5-45e3-85b5-1b2e166e6414.png?t=df4bfe23-f9e3-41cd-bb04-677a5bc378ce" alt="notion image" loading="lazy" decoding="async"/></div></figure><h2 class="notion-h notion-h1 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-2f0fb5727037456faaa7bce11487524a" data-id="2f0fb5727037456faaa7bce11487524a"><span><div id="2f0fb5727037456faaa7bce11487524a" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#2f0fb5727037456faaa7bce11487524a" title="2.共Y轴组合图表"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">2.共Y轴组合图表</span></span></h2><div class="notion-text notion-block-344c3773ac434281959abdfbea1bf887">绘制方法很简单，只需绘制出多个单个图表，然后使用patchwork包进行组合即可，当然可将后面几个图表的刻度和标签进行隐藏。</div><figure class="notion-asset-wrapper notion-asset-wrapper-image notion-block-34b7541851fd42f4a647e97bbc94a3f7"><div style="position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-self:center;width:662px;max-width:100%;flex-direction:column"><img style="object-fit:cover" src="https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2024/png/40499347/1704544696742-2f2dc5b7-98ef-4bd1-85a2-4a5f444d1c34.png?t=34b75418-51fd-42f4-a647-e97bbc94a3f7" alt="notion image" loading="lazy" decoding="async"/></div></figure><figure class="notion-asset-wrapper notion-asset-wrapper-image notion-block-a764ef63dc1a4791823dc6f19ad02018"><div style="position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-self:center;width:700px;max-width:100%;flex-direction:column"><img style="object-fit:cover" src="https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2024/png/40499347/1704544696720-09a286bd-c912-463c-97c3-f426ce98847a.png?t=a764ef63-dc1a-4791-823d-c6f19ad02018" alt="notion image" loading="lazy" decoding="async"/></div></figure><h2 class="notion-h notion-h1 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-5e50c8e65d0e4a319cf9a508eeb84483" data-id="5e50c8e65d0e4a319cf9a508eeb84483"><span><div id="5e50c8e65d0e4a319cf9a508eeb84483" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#5e50c8e65d0e4a319cf9a508eeb84483" title="3.“互作”配对热图"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">3.“互作”配对热图</span></span></h2><div class="notion-text notion-block-761aac3619674203a702456aacb4ccb0">对于配对组合热图的绘制，可直接使用ggplot2绘制3个独立的图形，然后使用patchwork包将三者拼合在一起。如果不会R语言，可使用OmicShare的动态热图工具绘制两个热图，并调整成数据范围相同的渐变颜色条，然后使用Adobe illustrator绘制配对网络并拼合在一起。</div><figure class="notion-asset-wrapper notion-asset-wrapper-image notion-block-2f30516245a74b8fa297d05f428b263f"><div style="position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-self:center;width:700px;max-width:100%;flex-direction:column"><img style="object-fit:cover" src="https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2024/png/40499347/1704544697326-e5a939d6-a039-4b89-9e17-42ab3392721d.png?t=2f305162-45a7-4b8f-a297-d05f428b263f" alt="notion image" loading="lazy" decoding="async"/></div></figure><h2 class="notion-h notion-h1 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-3c0325b58c534e6a81e586e36dd9f7a5" data-id="3c0325b58c534e6a81e586e36dd9f7a5"><span><div id="3c0325b58c534e6a81e586e36dd9f7a5" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#3c0325b58c534e6a81e586e36dd9f7a5" title="4.“互作”配对气泡图"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">4.“互作”配对气泡图</span></span></h2><div class="notion-text notion-block-4f5dd12bdd4f4b29b8bbd58a9b56967e">上文中介绍了绘制“互作”热图的方法，其实用类似的思路也可以绘制 “互作”网络泡泡图，如下图。</div><figure class="notion-asset-wrapper notion-asset-wrapper-image notion-block-90b103213e8c4f16af78f6a7c886e9bb"><div style="position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-self:center;width:700px;max-width:100%;flex-direction:column"><img style="object-fit:cover" src="https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2024/png/40499347/1704544697778-0d111f1c-b58f-43c0-b87c-db95629b04eb.png?t=90b10321-3e8c-4f16-af78-f6a7c886e9bb" alt="notion image" loading="lazy" decoding="async"/></div></figure><figure class="notion-asset-wrapper notion-asset-wrapper-image notion-block-5a11159219ad42bd9f024257eacec7c0"><div style="position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-self:center;width:592px;max-width:100%;flex-direction:column"><img style="object-fit:cover" src="https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2024/png/40499347/1704544698109-7acc3fa4-2873-48ea-b414-b5fc923d92c5.png?t=5a111592-19ad-42bd-9f02-4257eacec7c0" alt="notion image" loading="lazy" decoding="async"/></div></figure><figure class="notion-asset-wrapper notion-asset-wrapper-image notion-block-e1186d2f905746bcbc9d971fb278eb4c"><div style="position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-self:center;width:588px;max-width:100%;flex-direction:column"><img style="object-fit:cover" src="https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2024/png/40499347/1704544698296-3984c0e2-1dff-4c47-a0d6-39416e1a13a1.png?t=e1186d2f-9057-46bc-bc9d-971fb278eb4c" alt="notion image" loading="lazy" decoding="async"/></div></figure><figure class="notion-asset-wrapper notion-asset-wrapper-image notion-block-12149cfbd5284d8fa21f3510dfb36583"><div style="position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-self:center;width:700px;max-width:100%;flex-direction:column"><img style="object-fit:cover" src="https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2024/png/40499347/1704544698344-738d97ad-c2bd-467c-9f96-06af3d4b4753.png?t=12149cfb-d528-4d8f-a21f-3510dfb36583" alt="notion image" loading="lazy" decoding="async"/></div></figure><h2 class="notion-h notion-h1 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-712e250277734233ba8efb79c9019b8a" data-id="712e250277734233ba8efb79c9019b8a"><span><div id="712e250277734233ba8efb79c9019b8a" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#712e250277734233ba8efb79c9019b8a" title="5.热图与气泡图的组合图"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">5.热图与气泡图的组合图</span></span></h2><div class="notion-text notion-block-6e55d80a08694c87b105e2a869734e29">同样的方法，我们使用ggplot2和Ai (Adobe illustrator)也可以绘制热图与气泡图的组合图，如下图。</div><figure class="notion-asset-wrapper notion-asset-wrapper-image notion-block-54bbd96c334d4821aca96d4a1e7e9966"><div style="position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-self:center;width:700px;max-width:100%;flex-direction:column"><img style="object-fit:cover" src="https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2024/png/40499347/1704544698923-f1888ce4-4163-4e7f-8642-38ecdd3bb4b3.png?t=54bbd96c-334d-4821-aca9-6d4a1e7e9966" alt="notion image" loading="lazy" decoding="async"/></div></figure><h2 class="notion-h notion-h1 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-c772a54025204df797bbf677c40b0b54" data-id="c772a54025204df797bbf677c40b0b54"><span><div id="c772a54025204df797bbf677c40b0b54" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#c772a54025204df797bbf677c40b0b54" title="6.上下对称组合图"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">6.上下对称组合图</span></span></h2><div class="notion-text notion-block-34ce5c2e7b8d400fba7184bdec63c113">上下对称图表适合展示两组量纲不同却具有一定相关性的数据，如下图。图表的下部分表示一段时间内的降雨量（mm）变化，而上面部分则表示相应时段对应的蒸发量（m3/s）。</div><figure class="notion-asset-wrapper notion-asset-wrapper-image notion-block-e722b8dce4724c44b9c4ed9ca5669ab3"><div style="position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-self:center;width:700px;max-width:100%;flex-direction:column"><img style="object-fit:cover" src="https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2024/png/40499347/1704544699638-1b9bfa35-7137-4caa-ad2b-e512df7e0844.png?t=e722b8dc-e472-4c44-b9c4-ed9ca5669ab3" alt="notion image" loading="lazy" decoding="async"/></div></figure><h2 class="notion-h notion-h1 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-323360c6ba014cff88847c4ef61377ac" data-id="323360c6ba014cff88847c4ef61377ac"><span><div id="323360c6ba014cff88847c4ef61377ac" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#323360c6ba014cff88847c4ef61377ac" title="7.含热图的分子通路"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">7.含热图的分子通路</span></span></h2><div class="notion-text notion-block-9c771984393f4c09ba64d1ceb754b4c8">经常有小伙伴问如何绘制结构式与热图的组合通路图，如下。绘制这样的组合图表，需要分别绘制分子结构式和热图，然后使用Ai（Adobe illustrator）将它们组合在一起，最后保存成画质更好的矢量图。</div><figure class="notion-asset-wrapper notion-asset-wrapper-image notion-block-74d6ab6993a4457d86f02d79962ad5e5"><div style="position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-self:center;width:700px;max-width:100%;flex-direction:column"><img style="object-fit:cover" src="https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2024/png/40499347/1704544699890-467fc4c2-0187-48bd-99de-b617766216eb.png?t=74d6ab69-93a4-457d-86f0-2d79962ad5e5" alt="notion image" loading="lazy" decoding="async"/></div></figure><div class="notion-text notion-block-bd169f74f49e4a7fa138312fd6d14f9d">关于化学结构式的绘制，主要使用ChemDraw绘制结构式，绘制完成后，使用框选工具选中整个结构式，然后按住“Ctrl”键，拖动结构式即可快速复制出多个结构式，如下图，稍作调整后导出成矢量图，方便用于后续组合图的绘制。</div><figure class="notion-asset-wrapper notion-asset-wrapper-image notion-block-bf3e06cf8bbf4742b7515d81e76413c3"><div style="position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-self:center;width:700px;max-width:100%;flex-direction:column"><img style="object-fit:cover" src="https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2024/gif/40499347/1704544700016-6d3b8fb9-e4de-49fb-8aa8-9160a25cbee1.gif?t=bf3e06cf-8bbf-4742-b751-5d81e76413c3" alt="notion image" loading="lazy" decoding="async"/></div></figure><h2 class="notion-h notion-h1 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-bb872d4c3c744c2eb3fb08061e3e0f32" data-id="bb872d4c3c744c2eb3fb08061e3e0f32"><span><div id="bb872d4c3c744c2eb3fb08061e3e0f32" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#bb872d4c3c744c2eb3fb08061e3e0f32" title="8.双坐标轴图表"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">8.双坐标轴图表</span></span></h2><div class="notion-text notion-block-f214aa8776034fddb0cc5c7327ff6340">转录组测序后，往往需要用qPCR结果去验证，我们常常需要绘制双坐标轴图表进行比较，如下图，左侧的坐标轴对应Q-PCR的结果（柱状图），右侧的坐标轴对应RNA-seq的测序结果（折线图）。</div><figure class="notion-asset-wrapper notion-asset-wrapper-image notion-block-ccc8d1cb064e44bcb7d645be6d10144c"><div style="position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-self:center;width:700px;max-width:100%;flex-direction:column"><img style="object-fit:cover" src="https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2024/png/40499347/1704544700462-d8918183-8782-4f88-b8d6-79a9b36b3eaf.png?t=ccc8d1cb-064e-44bc-b7d6-45be6d10144c" alt="notion image" loading="lazy" decoding="async"/></div></figure><figure class="notion-asset-wrapper notion-asset-wrapper-image notion-block-ef8a382101104992a231a80a70be7842"><div style="position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-self:center;width:700px;max-width:100%;flex-direction:column"><img style="object-fit:cover" src="https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2024/png/40499347/1704544700721-c91705e5-3fea-4878-870d-d82ae52bd003.png?t=ef8a3821-0110-4992-a231-a80a70be7842" alt="notion image" loading="lazy" decoding="async"/></div></figure><figure class="notion-asset-wrapper notion-asset-wrapper-image notion-block-363d5f38449c461c80614e70d74f7ad7"><div style="position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-self:center;width:700px;max-width:100%;flex-direction:column"><img style="object-fit:cover" src="https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2024/png/40499347/1704544701117-105e60b7-b7e7-4423-ac9a-8de659e649ad.png?t=363d5f38-449c-461c-8061-4e70d74f7ad7" alt="notion image" loading="lazy" decoding="async"/></div></figure><h2 class="notion-h notion-h1 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-0d9cf533b66c475285ce77f42eae49c7" data-id="0d9cf533b66c475285ce77f42eae49c7"><span><div id="0d9cf533b66c475285ce77f42eae49c7" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#0d9cf533b66c475285ce77f42eae49c7" title="9.密度线组合图"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">9.密度线组合图</span></span></h2><div class="notion-text notion-block-bdba03fdc90244599964f4c678e8d9d1">在展示和比较数据（比如基因的表达量、物种的丰度等）分布情况的时候，除了最为常见的箱形图和小提琴图，也可以试试密度线组合图。无需编程，只需使用Origin软件就可以轻松搞定。</div><figure class="notion-asset-wrapper notion-asset-wrapper-image notion-block-45fe5350140e438491730e746238ffa1"><div style="position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-self:center;width:700px;max-width:100%;flex-direction:column"><img style="object-fit:cover" src="https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2024/png/40499347/1704544701176-dd69e287-f26c-4ac7-998c-979fad3fc56f.png?t=45fe5350-140e-4384-9173-0e746238ffa1" alt="notion image" loading="lazy" decoding="async"/></div></figure><div class="notion-text notion-block-a584a55c1f73438fae6aaf85d5704590">如果觉得曲线不够光滑，也可以试试其他的曲线类型（默认为Kernel Smooth），比如改为Normal（正态密度曲线），调整后的效果如下。</div><figure class="notion-asset-wrapper notion-asset-wrapper-image notion-block-b8d0ded8546948a3b5f57b02cf595f59"><div style="position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-self:center;width:700px;max-width:100%;flex-direction:column"><img style="object-fit:cover" src="https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2024/png/40499347/1704544701543-c27b1f23-555b-4aeb-8f5a-e11247ff19bb.png?t=b8d0ded8-5469-48a3-b5f5-7b02cf595f59" alt="notion image" loading="lazy" decoding="async"/></div></figure><h2 class="notion-h notion-h1 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-9b38a478d30e44d0a51a5bbff5ce0b60" data-id="9b38a478d30e44d0a51a5bbff5ce0b60"><span><div id="9b38a478d30e44d0a51a5bbff5ce0b60" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#9b38a478d30e44d0a51a5bbff5ce0b60" title="10.分组组合散点图"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">10.分组组合散点图</span></span></h2><div class="notion-text notion-block-520e8fb506514d50b62c9acd804066b7">上文为大家介绍过如何使用cowplot和patchwork两个R包进行组合图表的绘制，其实我们还可以使用gridExtra和aplot这两个R包绘制组合图表。</div><figure class="notion-asset-wrapper notion-asset-wrapper-image notion-block-42adbf19e3fe4026b90b68261a684201"><div style="position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-self:center;width:700px;max-width:100%;flex-direction:column"><img style="object-fit:cover" src="https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2024/png/40499347/1704544701983-57209800-979a-433d-989c-f64f3d3b1675.png?t=42adbf19-e3fe-4026-b90b-68261a684201" alt="notion image" loading="lazy" decoding="async"/></div></figure><h2 class="notion-h notion-h1 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-2c0863b0eb734a3bb44ccca782df2225" data-id="2c0863b0eb734a3bb44ccca782df2225"><span><div id="2c0863b0eb734a3bb44ccca782df2225" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#2c0863b0eb734a3bb44ccca782df2225" title="11.多图组合图表"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">11.多图组合图表</span></span></h2><div class="notion-text notion-block-3ab85a7edd454c0c80397830ce96031e">除了R语言，使用常规科研绘图软件Graphpad Prism也可以绘制组合图表，例如，通过file/Merge命令，可将多个工程文件合并成一个。合并文件后，在Layouts选项下，新建空白的布局。回到原图，删除后面几个图的Y轴标题，并隐藏Y轴，即可获得同Y轴组合图表。</div><figure class="notion-asset-wrapper notion-asset-wrapper-image notion-block-d947e8ca579d4e70acda3ff3d12f22a4"><div style="position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-self:center;width:700px;max-width:100%;flex-direction:column"><img style="object-fit:cover" src="https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2024/jpeg/40499347/1704544702558-077fcd95-6bbb-4a70-84e3-d8bb1b01f883.jpeg?t=d947e8ca-579d-4e70-acda-3ff3d12f22a4" alt="notion image" loading="lazy" decoding="async"/></div></figure><h2 class="notion-h notion-h1 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-f119f90982f94c12b49972e7882f6cf1" data-id="f119f90982f94c12b49972e7882f6cf1"><span><div id="f119f90982f94c12b49972e7882f6cf1" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#f119f90982f94c12b49972e7882f6cf1" title="12.超复杂组合图"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">12.超复杂组合图</span></span></h2><div class="notion-text notion-block-8afcd313f0d7457b8760d90e92569da7">对于下图这类复杂的组合图，可分别绘制“主”、“上”、“右”三个图表，然后把三个工程文件merge成1个，使用Prism的layout功能将三个图表组合在一起，最后手动添加辅助线、图例即可。</div><figure class="notion-asset-wrapper notion-asset-wrapper-image notion-block-4365cbcea49e46c7a20e057ac4afbd06"><div style="position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-self:center;width:622px;max-width:100%;flex-direction:column"><img style="object-fit:cover" src="https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2024/png/40499347/1704544702825-753c5543-e741-48ee-b6f3-179dbbb9330f.png?t=4365cbce-a49e-46c7-a20e-057ac4afbd06" alt="notion image" loading="lazy" decoding="async"/></div></figure><h2 class="notion-h notion-h1 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-dd812b757ecf4fd7b825d2da0c7e7c61" data-id="dd812b757ecf4fd7b825d2da0c7e7c61"><span><div id="dd812b757ecf4fd7b825d2da0c7e7c61" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#dd812b757ecf4fd7b825d2da0c7e7c61" title="13.对称组合条形图"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">13.对称组合条形图</span></span></h2><div class="notion-text notion-block-fca3a0bbdb6847418c356f3c90820399">“对称”条形图，如下图，主要用于两组数据的一对一比较，比如，比较不同通路富集到的上下调基因数量。</div><figure class="notion-asset-wrapper notion-asset-wrapper-image notion-block-dcc42757840740d4b77e787ff56f14a9"><div style="position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-self:center;width:700px;max-width:100%;flex-direction:column"><img style="object-fit:cover" src="https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2024/png/40499347/1704544703443-c982ee1b-7b8d-4991-898a-78c723a82ea8.png?t=dcc42757-8407-40d4-b77e-787ff56f14a9" alt="notion image" loading="lazy" decoding="async"/></div></figure><div class="notion-text notion-block-c41ada67857f47eea0b35e43ff813abf">画法其实较为简单，只要将其中的一组数据的数值改为负数，无论用什么作图软件都可以。我这里介绍两种基于ggplot2的画法，除了单个数据的分组比较，还可以绘制两个不同数据的组合对称条形图（如下图）。</div><figure class="notion-asset-wrapper notion-asset-wrapper-image notion-block-5f1f015d53dc4e00b97161788538455b"><div style="position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-self:center;width:700px;max-width:100%;flex-direction:column"><img style="object-fit:cover" src="https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2024/png/40499347/1704544703535-cbd87db2-f5f3-4c48-acf9-272ede885b2f.png?t=5f1f015d-53dc-4e00-b971-61788538455b" alt="notion image" loading="lazy" decoding="async"/></div></figure><h2 class="notion-h notion-h1 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-915ac65b60a448bd8dfbc6c9d6ddf4a4" data-id="915ac65b60a448bd8dfbc6c9d6ddf4a4"><span><div id="915ac65b60a448bd8dfbc6c9d6ddf4a4" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#915ac65b60a448bd8dfbc6c9d6ddf4a4" title="14.桑基图与气泡图的组合图"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">14.桑基图与气泡图的组合图</span></span></h2><div class="notion-text notion-block-d4c5a2c1d4b24bcaaca8152c9eb934a0">桑基图常用于展示关联数据间的流动规律，在气泡图左侧通过添加桑基图，可将每个pathway中的gene ID进行直观展示，从而实现更多维度的信息展现，如下图。</div><figure class="notion-asset-wrapper notion-asset-wrapper-image notion-block-3221f2169ec2449b9fbe03d52c894603"><div style="position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-self:center;width:700px;max-width:100%;flex-direction:column"><img style="object-fit:cover" src="https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2024/png/40499347/1704544704289-757ad4fe-d2f1-4103-9f6b-58db8e70abeb.png?t=3221f216-9ec2-449b-9fbe-03d52c894603" alt="notion image" loading="lazy" decoding="async"/></div></figure><h2 class="notion-h notion-h1 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-81bc0ae1ea8446858b5fe399d851c876" data-id="81bc0ae1ea8446858b5fe399d851c876"><span><div id="81bc0ae1ea8446858b5fe399d851c876" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#81bc0ae1ea8446858b5fe399d851c876" title="15.进化树与热图的组合"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">15.进化树与热图的组合</span></span></h2><div class="notion-text notion-block-f67921a62ada426fb6ec7167a149bb39">进化树的构建这里使用MEGA，调整完成后，导出PDF或SVG格式的矢量图。热图的绘制，可以使用OmicShare的动态热图工具，调整满意后下载图形，注意保存成svg格式的矢量图。</div><div class="notion-text notion-block-975aba0b7a5946588129811c79096ecf">接下来需要在Ai（Adobe illustrator）中做后面的组合操作，先用Ai打开进化树图，并使用矩形工具添加渐变底色，用画板工具调整画板的宽度，使画板的宽度适合并排放入两个图，然后导入热图，对其进行对齐</div><figure class="notion-asset-wrapper notion-asset-wrapper-image notion-block-14d1c413c83948eda077bb3d94b10292"><div style="position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-self:center;width:700px;max-width:100%;flex-direction:column"><img style="object-fit:cover" src="https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2024/png/40499347/1704544704607-9df3fe35-4cf6-4b04-b540-c07aea2e181d.png?t=14d1c413-c839-48ed-a077-bb3d94b10292" alt="notion image" loading="lazy" decoding="async"/></div></figure><h2 class="notion-h notion-h1 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-a9d9b4cec96843f2bfdf8c2bd9bfebdd" data-id="a9d9b4cec96843f2bfdf8c2bd9bfebdd"><span><div id="a9d9b4cec96843f2bfdf8c2bd9bfebdd" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#a9d9b4cec96843f2bfdf8c2bd9bfebdd" title="16.漂亮的花瓣韦恩图"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">16.漂亮的花瓣韦恩图</span></span></h2><div class="notion-text notion-block-0bf6317026214713a2624de0514caa5b">首先，使用ggVennDiagram包绘制韦恩图，保存成PDF格式的矢量图。然后用Ai（Adobe illustrator）为每个分组的“独有”区域添加相应的分组渐变色，并添加对应子集的OUT（或基因）数量，最后加上物种图形元素后的绘制效果如下。</div><figure class="notion-asset-wrapper notion-asset-wrapper-image notion-block-7997786f7acb41228dc269e059379741"><div style="position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-self:center;width:700px;max-width:100%;flex-direction:column"><img style="object-fit:cover" src="https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2024/png/40499347/1704544705323-ac2b75c4-546b-478f-8e7a-2c716939ca6b.png?t=7997786f-7acb-4122-8dc2-69e059379741" alt="notion image" loading="lazy" decoding="async"/></div></figure><div class="notion-text notion-block-403409dba9c64172bc5e6ef2c2aabae0">(<em>The Plant Cell</em>, 2020)</div><h2 class="notion-h notion-h1 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-8d3797b99ac14e5bbae1dcf626a51529" data-id="8d3797b99ac14e5bbae1dcf626a51529"><span><div id="8d3797b99ac14e5bbae1dcf626a51529" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#8d3797b99ac14e5bbae1dcf626a51529" title="17.高颜值的网络热图"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">17.高颜值的网络热图</span></span></h2><div class="notion-text notion-block-93936aa55ff848f48e5dd13afe5b0f73">使用OmicShare的动态网络热图工具绘制网络热图，调整满意后导出SVG格式图片后使用Ai（Adobe illustrator）进性了进一步美化，主要对分组标签的位置做了调整，并将连线两端的结点置于顶层，修改结点、图例中短线的颜色。最终的效果如下：</div><figure class="notion-asset-wrapper notion-asset-wrapper-image notion-block-236ab6b95f9d40ce93164ab4f7521e61"><div style="position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-self:center;width:700px;max-width:100%;flex-direction:column"><img style="object-fit:cover" src="https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2024/png/40499347/1704544705652-c7ca71d7-c2c4-4de4-9206-ce46595393b0.png?t=236ab6b9-5f9d-40ce-9316-4ab4f7521e61" alt="notion image" loading="lazy" decoding="async"/></div></figure><h2 class="notion-h notion-h1 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-c77291ecf8644592a339d6f214c56797" data-id="c77291ecf8644592a339d6f214c56797"><span><div id="c77291ecf8644592a339d6f214c56797" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#c77291ecf8644592a339d6f214c56797" title="18.组合热图的绘制"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">18.组合热图的绘制</span></span></h2><div class="notion-text notion-block-705cace74ee34610ab651a70cb59c3ee">使用OmicShare的动态热图工具绘制热图，使用常规作图软件绘制条形图，然后导出为PDF格式的矢量图。然后就可以在Ai（Adobe illustrator）中进行图表的组合了，并使用矩形工具和文字工具绘制分类图例，图例中的正方形可用吸管工具吸取注释颜色条的颜色。</div><figure class="notion-asset-wrapper notion-asset-wrapper-image notion-block-3cd5cf9c4184433ebff10b0d3fececcf"><div style="position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-self:center;width:700px;max-width:100%;flex-direction:column"><img style="object-fit:cover" src="https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2024/png/40499347/1704544706181-11f5f71c-bdce-417b-a3e6-9925f663cdda.png?t=3cd5cf9c-4184-433e-bff1-0b0d3fececcf" alt="notion image" loading="lazy" decoding="async"/></div></figure><div class="notion-text notion-block-3b6739d7c82448e5a76b99f68df17aae">当然，我们还可以选中条形图和注释颜色条后，使用重新着色图稿功能对配色进行进一步调整，最终的效果如下：</div><figure class="notion-asset-wrapper notion-asset-wrapper-image notion-block-0dbe7f7bef3d4f269ecbe4aec6f1c36c"><div style="position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-self:center;width:700px;max-width:100%;flex-direction:column"><img style="object-fit:cover" src="https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2024/png/40499347/1704544706271-7a6ca3f8-6775-4c99-a7e3-e543f306c087.png?t=0dbe7f7b-ef3d-4f26-9ecb-e4aec6f1c36c" alt="notion image" loading="lazy" decoding="async"/></div></figure><h2 class="notion-h notion-h1 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-1d3d2acde78b4337b69cc1111a7a117e" data-id="1d3d2acde78b4337b69cc1111a7a117e"><span><div id="1d3d2acde78b4337b69cc1111a7a117e" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#1d3d2acde78b4337b69cc1111a7a117e" title="19.嵌套柱状图"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">19.嵌套柱状图</span></span></h2><div class="notion-text notion-block-2321ca7ce0864a889eb143cc3850de78">对于“相互嵌套”的柱状图，一般来说适合这种图表的数据，需要满足一组数据的数值明显低于另一组。绘制方法是先使用Origin绘制分组柱状图，右键图层标签，选择快捷菜单中的Layer Contents命令，在Layer Contents窗口中点击Ungroup按钮取消两组数据的编组，最后使用Mini Toolbars快速修改单个分组“条形”的间距即可。</div><figure class="notion-asset-wrapper notion-asset-wrapper-image notion-block-793b143a79b442788d88f7b9632b2a2b"><div style="position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-self:center;width:700px;max-width:100%;flex-direction:column"><img style="object-fit:cover" src="https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2024/png/40499347/1704544707124-aa1c904c-be9e-4a4a-9a0d-1aaa8006f268.png?t=793b143a-79b4-4278-8d88-f7b9632b2a2b" alt="notion image" loading="lazy" decoding="async"/></div></figure><h2 class="notion-h notion-h1 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-26bbf943cdf943a1b6adf169c29d93d8" data-id="26bbf943cdf943a1b6adf169c29d93d8"><span><div id="26bbf943cdf943a1b6adf169c29d93d8" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#26bbf943cdf943a1b6adf169c29d93d8" title="20.复杂局部放大组合图"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">20.复杂局部放大组合图</span></span></h2><div class="notion-text notion-block-7f2828bd4af14c088286d5c864a92111">前文介绍了如何使用ggmagnify、ggforce等R包对图表进行局部放大，但如果想让绘图结果更加精美一些，如下图，那就需要用到Ai（Adobe Illustrator）软件进行个性化绘制啦！</div><figure class="notion-asset-wrapper notion-asset-wrapper-image notion-block-c24f45c8bcd44ea89955967ea0c2861b"><div style="position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-self:center;width:700px;max-width:100%;flex-direction:column"><img style="object-fit:cover" src="https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2024/png/40499347/1704544707323-c4785bdd-2e9f-4184-9d21-fdee4c390b11.png?t=c24f45c8-bcd4-4ea8-9955-967ea0c2861b" alt="notion image" loading="lazy" decoding="async"/></div></figure></main></div>]]></content:encoded>
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            <title><![CDATA[7种论文插图配色方案]]></title>
            <link>https://me.zhengliang.org/article/15e10d73-669c-4f2a-a7c6-d706aeea0e4c</link>
            <guid>https://me.zhengliang.org/article/15e10d73-669c-4f2a-a7c6-d706aeea0e4c</guid>
            <pubDate>Mon, 13 May 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <content:encoded><![CDATA[<div id="notion-article" class="mx-auto overflow-hidden "><main class="notion light-mode notion-page notion-block-15e10d73669c4f2aa7c6d706aeea0e4c"><div class="notion-viewport"></div><div class="notion-collection-page-properties"></div><h2 class="notion-h notion-h1 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-bd607e65daa64c6c997262a6bb6fde47" data-id="bd607e65daa64c6c997262a6bb6fde47"><span><div id="bd607e65daa64c6c997262a6bb6fde47" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#bd607e65daa64c6c997262a6bb6fde47" title="1. Energies"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">1. Energies</span></span></h2><div class="notion-text notion-block-094f755994e2438dbd3a09855c9c1767"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="notion-link" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/en15020589">https://doi.org/10.3390/en15020589</a></div><figure class="notion-asset-wrapper notion-asset-wrapper-image notion-block-1f884de5922b48d4b0da26b653756ae0"><div style="position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-self:center;width:700px;max-width:100%;flex-direction:column"><img style="object-fit:cover" src="https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2024/jpeg/40499347/1708804372124-e53623a5-98c3-43d3-b9cf-f17f5a3722dd.jpeg?t=1f884de5-922b-48d4-b0da-26b653756ae0" alt="notion image" loading="lazy" decoding="async"/></div></figure><h2 class="notion-h notion-h1 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-96ebab697e1342839036088a118e5b08" data-id="96ebab697e1342839036088a118e5b08"><span><div id="96ebab697e1342839036088a118e5b08" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#96ebab697e1342839036088a118e5b08" title="2. Microorganisms"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">2. Microorganisms</span></span></h2><div class="notion-text notion-block-1898461d6de2493b86eef82eee33fdb9"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="notion-link" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10020395">https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10020395</a></div><figure class="notion-asset-wrapper notion-asset-wrapper-image notion-block-1cfa0a160b3c44af8358fe7d085eb7f4"><div style="position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-self:center;width:700px;max-width:100%;flex-direction:column"><img style="object-fit:cover" src="https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2024/jpeg/40499347/1708804380566-baac0c8a-dcd1-4833-8924-c927fd1759bd.jpeg?t=1cfa0a16-0b3c-44af-8358-fe7d085eb7f4" alt="notion image" loading="lazy" decoding="async"/></div></figure><h2 class="notion-h notion-h1 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-0cb6ec1ad65c49f69c4ff88c6af9d9e4" data-id="0cb6ec1ad65c49f69c4ff88c6af9d9e4"><span><div id="0cb6ec1ad65c49f69c4ff88c6af9d9e4" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#0cb6ec1ad65c49f69c4ff88c6af9d9e4" title="3. Polymers"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">3. Polymers</span></span></h2><div class="notion-text notion-block-bac7785f62d749d9a2b4f7f2a6834f73"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="notion-link" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15020396">https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15020396</a></div><figure class="notion-asset-wrapper notion-asset-wrapper-image notion-block-2934919527a94c6d92b1a30e8c9cc68b"><div style="position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-self:center;width:700px;max-width:100%;flex-direction:column"><img style="object-fit:cover" src="https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2024/jpeg/40499347/1708804387768-f84265bc-5277-4ee5-a60e-536fc05a735e.jpeg?t=29349195-27a9-4c6d-92b1-a30e8c9cc68b" alt="notion image" loading="lazy" decoding="async"/></div></figure><h2 class="notion-h notion-h1 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-ea5952462b804beb9572b2fc2d1e4b54" data-id="ea5952462b804beb9572b2fc2d1e4b54"><span><div id="ea5952462b804beb9572b2fc2d1e4b54" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#ea5952462b804beb9572b2fc2d1e4b54" title="4. Materials"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">4. Materials</span></span></h2><div class="notion-text notion-block-5932656d9b8041529f6e5f869abb70d6"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="notion-link" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15093355">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15093355</a></div><figure class="notion-asset-wrapper notion-asset-wrapper-image notion-block-8fc392dc0ddf4caeb075f3e492a3e5eb"><div style="position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-self:center;width:700px;max-width:100%;flex-direction:column"><img style="object-fit:cover" src="https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2024/jpeg/40499347/1708804394748-7d861708-625f-4e34-9a42-1ae3fc440b44.jpeg?t=8fc392dc-0ddf-4cae-b075-f3e492a3e5eb" alt="notion image" loading="lazy" decoding="async"/></div></figure><h2 class="notion-h notion-h1 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-864fd46565e8450eae2ad8d1a5051919" data-id="864fd46565e8450eae2ad8d1a5051919"><span><div id="864fd46565e8450eae2ad8d1a5051919" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#864fd46565e8450eae2ad8d1a5051919" title="5. JPM"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">5. JPM</span></span></h2><div class="notion-text notion-block-a288aff5ef5f47a69866fb41d9cb9f5d"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="notion-link" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12040618">https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12040618</a></div><figure class="notion-asset-wrapper notion-asset-wrapper-image notion-block-582fbf1f753942aebca947b4cff8ec94"><div style="position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-self:center;width:700px;max-width:100%;flex-direction:column"><img style="object-fit:cover" src="https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2024/jpeg/40499347/1708804401660-3275020a-26ec-46d3-be3f-dc80bcf8ff5e.jpeg?t=582fbf1f-7539-42ae-bca9-47b4cff8ec94" alt="notion image" loading="lazy" decoding="async"/></div></figure><h2 class="notion-h notion-h1 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-49534f931eec42bfa088bc310fc5dab9" data-id="49534f931eec42bfa088bc310fc5dab9"><span><div id="49534f931eec42bfa088bc310fc5dab9" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#49534f931eec42bfa088bc310fc5dab9" title="6. JMSE"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">6. JMSE</span></span></h2><div class="notion-text notion-block-fee27c2811f54a77b1d8c14eb9101060"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="notion-link" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11061187">https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11061187</a></div><figure class="notion-asset-wrapper notion-asset-wrapper-image notion-block-3ceeee096a534cfc8438a63a3472bb1b"><div style="position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-self:center;width:700px;max-width:100%;flex-direction:column"><img style="object-fit:cover" src="https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2024/jpeg/40499347/1708804408533-023bf392-0419-47a1-ab3a-00e4a3507476.jpeg?t=3ceeee09-6a53-4cfc-8438-a63a3472bb1b" alt="notion image" loading="lazy" decoding="async"/></div></figure><h2 class="notion-h notion-h1 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-de5a118182454099a2aad6805b557d8f" data-id="de5a118182454099a2aad6805b557d8f"><span><div id="de5a118182454099a2aad6805b557d8f" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#de5a118182454099a2aad6805b557d8f" title="7. Sensors"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">7. Sensors</span></span></h2><div class="notion-text notion-block-f4988e8bf4a94eabb41175ca319c9aa2"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="notion-link" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/s23020601">https://doi.org/10.3390/s23020601</a></div><figure class="notion-asset-wrapper notion-asset-wrapper-image notion-block-f179d636932f46dda4dfe0c68102ed27"><div style="position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-self:center;width:700px;max-width:100%;flex-direction:column"><img style="object-fit:cover" src="https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2024/jpeg/40499347/1708804417000-508cc796-6347-418e-9c92-9bfdac3cf438.jpeg?t=f179d636-932f-46dd-a4df-e0c68102ed27" alt="notion image" loading="lazy" decoding="async"/></div></figure></main></div>]]></content:encoded>
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            <title><![CDATA[老建筑青砖修复方案]]></title>
            <link>https://me.zhengliang.org/article/1720782e-e8a6-43d7-b95f-f922cd5cff8a</link>
            <guid>https://me.zhengliang.org/article/1720782e-e8a6-43d7-b95f-f922cd5cff8a</guid>
            <pubDate>Mon, 13 May 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <content:encoded><![CDATA[<div id="notion-article" class="mx-auto overflow-hidden "><main class="notion light-mode notion-page notion-block-1720782ee8a643d7b95ff922cd5cff8a"><div class="notion-viewport"></div><div class="notion-collection-page-properties"></div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-8c007b437d6c49dfaa4942be4d3d4e57" data-id="8c007b437d6c49dfaa4942be4d3d4e57"><span><div id="8c007b437d6c49dfaa4942be4d3d4e57" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#8c007b437d6c49dfaa4942be4d3d4e57" title="背景"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">背景</span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-304bb4dde58448d8b3321e5ad789475c">砖块主要由粘土材料构成，这些材料被压制或挤出，并经过烧制成为砌筑单元。用于砖块的原材料贡献了其属性和美学特征。来自不同时期的砖块展现出不同的属性——这是随着时间推移在制造过程中所做改进的结果。其他类型的砖单元包括混凝土砖、硅酸钙砖，或那些由非粘土基材料构成的砖。砖一直是并继续成为一种耐用且持久的材料。手工压制并在较低、不均匀的温度下烧制的粘土砖通常具有低抗压强度、高孔隙率和高吸水率。相反，通过挤出并在更高、更均匀的温度下烧制的现代粘土砖通常具有高抗压强度、低孔隙率和低吸水率。理解项目现有砖块的属性以选择兼容的替代砖块至关重要。属性的变化可以影响砌体墙体系统的整体性能。这些砌体系统包括承重质量墙体建造、过渡、屏障和空腔墙体系统。现有墙体组合还可能根据使用的材料和建造时代呈现不同的单元配置、运动适应性、水管理细节和锚固。</div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-a4a7327dc7054b4c967739dde29d8fa8" data-id="a4a7327dc7054b4c967739dde29d8fa8"><span><div id="a4a7327dc7054b4c967739dde29d8fa8" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#a4a7327dc7054b4c967739dde29d8fa8" title="砖块更换"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">砖块更换</span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-a4ffd7995cd441be969bb4b91b6f71bc">在修复和恢复项目中，通常会替换裂纹、剥落或损坏的砖块，而不是在原位修复。砖块更换的总体目标是找到一种在美学上与现有砖块相匹配且具有类似的强度、密度、孔隙率和吸水率属性的砖块。如果更换的砖块在与较弱、更多孔的砖块组成的墙体组合中过于强硬和密集，它们可能会导致历史或现有砖墙组合的过早未来故障。</div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-22be224a41d840028178b99254715d86" data-id="22be224a41d840028178b99254715d86"><span><div id="22be224a41d840028178b99254715d86" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#22be224a41d840028178b99254715d86" title="砖块着色"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">砖块着色</span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-564133d10c43452faa3a0b42d89a9800">保护砖块表面对其耐用性及美观性都很重要。有一些针对砖块着色的处理方法，例如，当替换的砖块可能不是非常匹配时。着色类型需要适合砖块的属性，并提供应在模拟中测试的充分粘附性，以确保它将是一种耐用和美观的处理方法。避免在砖块上使用会限制蒸汽传输和干燥能力的涂层系统。</div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-85613bc77c6e47e5967b7fa02861b18e" data-id="85613bc77c6e47e5967b7fa02861b18e"><span><div id="85613bc77c6e47e5967b7fa02861b18e" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#85613bc77c6e47e5967b7fa02861b18e" title="砖块维护"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">砖块维护</span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-103ba396aca24139a08310f47f530950">在窑炉中的烧制过程中，砖块在其外部形成一层火皮。火皮的密度略高于砖块内部体。特别是对于较软的砖块，这层火皮在保护砖块免受风化以维持其耐用性方面发挥着重要作用。破坏火皮的磨损和化学处理，会使砖块面临加速风化和降低其恢复力。维持耐用的砖砌面需要不损坏砖块表面的修复或清洁处理。保护砖块表面对于保留砖块的历史特征和美学品质也很重要。</div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-e3e0385218c640e7935f1eda0ff843b1" data-id="e3e0385218c640e7935f1eda0ff843b1"><span><div id="e3e0385218c640e7935f1eda0ff843b1" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#e3e0385218c640e7935f1eda0ff843b1" title="砌体修复：砖"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">砌体修复：砖</span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-f5c66b79c7d84823ae2e906754814dc6">在修复项目中处理砖块时，回收现有砖块是至关重要的第一步。这在进行历史建筑修复时尤其重要，因为它确保了回收的材料可能在新建筑中再次使用。</div><div class="notion-text notion-block-a28f8ac69788442aac4427c952ccf98d">对于那些建于19世纪末和20世纪初、采用沙模砖建造的建筑，回收也可能需要检查砖块背面是否为双面制作。如果确实如此，这些特定的砖块在用于新项目时可以翻转过来使用，以使其看起来更干净、磨损程度较小。考虑到典型的四英寸砖即便略有腐败，大部分仍然完好无损，因此通过简单地将腐败的一面放置在墙体组装中看不到的位置来进行回收。</div><div class="notion-text notion-block-4b70e52c4bf44e05822c1647f4a86b86">今天生产的新砖是通过压力机挤压成型的，在这一挤压过程中，砖块只有三面是面向外的——因此，在长时间磨损后不适合翻转使用。</div><div class="notion-text notion-block-65e561a6affc4bac8aac803f8b26072c">如果一些回收的砖块磨损超过砖块宽度的一半，那么通常的做法是修复而不是回收未损坏的砖块以供再次使用。当然，匹配历史砖块的挑战正是如此：由于砖块不再生产，你必须确立一个良好的砖块匹配，以替换所需的砖块。这是一种潜在的减少替换砖块需求的好方法。</div><div class="notion-text notion-block-e9dea417d7d447d780b6684bd57ffab6">另一种砖块修复是针对砖块表面的裂缝。这些裂缝通常较小——宽度从发丝般细微到大约一十六英寸不等。如果你想修复这样的裂缝，应该使用DHL注射法。分散水化石灰（DHL）注射需要使用带针头的注射器，将非常粘稠的物质注入砖块的裂缝中，通过毛细作用通过黏土传输。这一过程在德国开发，并在过去大约15年里在美国成功使用。通过这种修复过程，石灰基材料被注入裂缝中，允许其吸收进黏土的系统。在它凝固后，表面处理被覆盖在顶部，实际上与现有砖块的表面颜色相匹配。这种方法将防止未来水分渗透，此类修复可以持续50年以上。在这段时间之后，可能需要重复修复，因为它会因天气侵蚀方向和其他因素而磨损。</div><div class="notion-text notion-block-8d714ea3c47545c4b33895ac914c5aa0">如果砖块无法被回收或修复以供再次使用，下一个选择便是更换砖块。由于现代砖块生产过程自19世纪以来已经发生了巨大变化，重新制造与现有砖块完美匹配的砖块可能会很困难。通常，首先匹配现有砖块的尺寸和质地，然后再匹配颜色。这可能是砖块匹配最困难的阶段，特别是因为砖块的颜色会因大气条件而随时间改变。砖块翻新过程的下一部分可以选择性地包括着色或颜色匹配。诸如Nawkaw之类的公司提供着色过程和材料，并拥有一支专家团队在全国范围内提供这些服务。</div><div class="notion-text notion-block-cbd380b9f69b46aca78f1b202c9f090e">过程的最后一部分是对砖块应用ASTM测试方法。ASTM C67涵盖了许多结构测试，包括抗折模量、抗压强度、吸水率、饱和系数、冻融效应、风化现象、初始吸水率和重量、尺寸、翘曲、长度变化及空隙面积的测定。饱和度、抗压强度和初始吸水率的测试非常适合了解您所拥有的砖块类型，并且可以在进行更换之前对现有砖块进行测试。新的替换砖块也可以进行测试，以确保它们与现有砖块的物理特性和质量相匹配。</div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-c562bcd9810f45fe992670f215e33e95" data-id="c562bcd9810f45fe992670f215e33e95"><span><div id="c562bcd9810f45fe992670f215e33e95" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#c562bcd9810f45fe992670f215e33e95" title="旧砖墙修复指南"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">旧砖墙修复指南</span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-9aa41455ece04e558687bc8b87c9d12a">SPAB经常通过我们的技术咨询热线被问及有关历史砖砌结构的问题。砖砌可以是最耐用的建筑材料之一，这一点从著名的罗马实例的存留中得到了证明。然而，不少情况下，糟糕的修复、缺乏维护和不适当的改动导致了问题。</div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-7283e357cb2f4f2d898b2a95732ce939" data-id="7283e357cb2f4f2d898b2a95732ce939"><span><div id="7283e357cb2f4f2d898b2a95732ce939" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#7283e357cb2f4f2d898b2a95732ce939" title="我应该如何处理我老建筑上正在恶化的砖砌？"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">我应该如何处理我老建筑上正在恶化的砖砌？</span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-6d2c7d5db5cf429aada621782f0704c3">首先确定恶化的原因，然后尽量将任何修复工作保持在最低限度。这将有助于防止问题的再次发生，并通过限制历史材料的损失，保留建筑的真实性。</div><div class="notion-text notion-block-4f7f9f97d2884f7f94bb23a03e3a29b0">有时，最好的做法可能是什么都不做，即不干预砖砌。在这不是一个选项的情况下，通常可以进行某种形式的保守修复。只有在特殊情况下，才需要拆除并重建砖砌。</div><div class="notion-text notion-block-6e56ce711c1b45ddae36b83a9fbbfaa7">当考虑对历史砖砌进行工作时，SPAB可能能够推荐合适的承包商和专业人员的名字，或就合适的课程提供建议。</div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-49839e16567d48bea1dd839f25e627a8" data-id="49839e16567d48bea1dd839f25e627a8"><span><div id="49839e16567d48bea1dd839f25e627a8" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#49839e16567d48bea1dd839f25e627a8" title="导致砖墙恶化的原因是什么？"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">导致砖墙恶化的原因是什么？</span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-b91ab6c86a9c4b8da772dd015f7bed06">加速的砖砌衰败通常与糟糕的修复、忽视的维护或不适当的改动有关。设计、材料和工艺的缺陷也可能发挥作用。这些因素可能导致：</div><figure class="notion-asset-wrapper notion-asset-wrapper-image notion-block-a6b9b6eb083f4052a4f5fc9f94926254"><div style="position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-self:center;width:700px;max-width:100%;flex-direction:column"><img style="object-fit:cover" src="https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2024/jpeg/40499347/1711895108940-9cb039bf-713f-4523-9e04-3163de1afecb.jpeg?t=a6b9b6eb-083f-4052-a4f5-fc9f94926254" alt="notion image" loading="lazy" decoding="async"/></div></figure><div class="notion-text notion-block-c0da1003b660494fad9d385b382e773b">由于持续饱和（例如，由泄漏的雨水管引起）或盐结晶，砂浆接缝和可能的砖块严重衰败。</div><div class="notion-text notion-block-48ed9480da0a4b48a737e7d525145f3b">由于霜冻作用，特别是在护墙或烟囱堆上，或使用水泥砂浆而非石灰基砂浆，砖面崩解（“剥落”）。</div><div class="notion-text notion-block-8acc3d928b96454e8373065aca8ce18a">由于例如树根损伤、窗户和门上的腐烂木梁或内部移除承重墙等原因，导致砖砌裂开或凸出。</div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-e369b842bf5c4a42a3818b788d47fd87" data-id="e369b842bf5c4a42a3818b788d47fd87"><span><div id="e369b842bf5c4a42a3818b788d47fd87" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#e369b842bf5c4a42a3818b788d47fd87" title="砖砌修复可能包括什么？"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">砖砌修复可能包括什么？</span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-4af947248813411d99a2bcfa256bbbbf">选择性地对接缝和/或砖块进行工作。在某些情况下，可能只需要在例如修复泄漏的雨水装置后，对侵蚀的接缝进行轻微的重新点缀。对于1919年前的建筑，应使用石灰砂浆而非水泥，以最小化通过砖块的蒸发和其面部随之恶化。</div><div class="notion-text notion-block-29c3e1744401428885454f0feef7a9f0">砖块本身经常可以小心移除然后反转以隐藏衰败。对于历史砖砌的裂缝，瓦片缝合可能是一种适当的修复方法，特别是当水平接缝不再对齐时。只要保持瓦片间接缝细小并小心操作，这种修复将逐渐风化。</div><div class="notion-text notion-block-778f824054ed424eb7af794f776c3352">可以使用着色砂浆（“塑性”修复）来修复腐朽的砖面，但需要技巧才能实现良好的长期颜色匹配。也曾使用薄砖片作为替代品，但存在内在的结构弱点。</div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-b7dee04fff2849f9abb34acffb99bba1" data-id="b7dee04fff2849f9abb34acffb99bba1"><span><div id="b7dee04fff2849f9abb34acffb99bba1" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#b7dee04fff2849f9abb34acffb99bba1" title="如有必要，我应如何替换砖块？"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">如有必要，我应如何替换砖块？</span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-1fdc32bc971a40d396ead458546a219f">只有严重损坏的砖块才应被切割并替</div><div class="notion-text notion-block-6d0804859720419fb09cc69ba16a295e">换。完全复制非常困难，但有一些好的供应商以合理的价格生产新的手工砖。替换砖应尽可能在尺寸、颜色、质地和耐久性上与现有砖块相匹配。它们应以相同的方式铺设，即使用相同的结合方式。最好是让替换砖块自然融合，而不是试图将它们调整色调。</div><div class="notion-text notion-block-030f085057e74e80bbbdd330fc6aba44">SPAB对使用二手砖持谨慎态度。除了哲学考量外，还有技术原因：回收的砖块可能烧制不足，不适合外部工作，或有时被损坏、染色或粉刷。偶尔，砖块可能从同一建筑的另一部分重用 - 但那时，只能极为谨慎地进行。</div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-ade1e1a8702f41ca8165ed93a1b4cb79" data-id="ade1e1a8702f41ca8165ed93a1b4cb79"><span><div id="ade1e1a8702f41ca8165ed93a1b4cb79" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#ade1e1a8702f41ca8165ed93a1b4cb79" title="我应该给砖块上漆或进行处理以保护它们吗？"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">我应该给砖块上漆或进行处理以保护它们吗？</span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-fd784350843f47ed9ee5148ab8480774">一般来说，这是不可取的。油漆和无色防水溶液可以通过在砖砌中捕获水分来导致额外的恶化。此外，水分被迫穿过更远的距离逃逸，从而增加了有害可溶性盐的移动。</div><div class="notion-text notion-block-31f4f0860d2b475c812dc7ef23b4e0a6">尽管如此，在之前从砖砌上剥离的情况下，有时更换涂层以提供对天气的保护可能是明智的。在某些情况下，对之前未受保护的砖砌应用新的涂层或铅包层也是明智的，例如，保护因饱和受损的护墙内侧面。</div><div class="notion-text notion-block-d832b45710cf4038a893a472d572ae14">内部，暴露砖砌的抹灰或石灰洗涂层可能是合理的，例如，在不适当的喷砂导致“尘化”时。进行这些工作可能需要列出建筑许可。</div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-29bb71224cdc4a09a4f292e60833c736" data-id="29bb71224cdc4a09a4f292e60833c736"><span><div id="29bb71224cdc4a09a4f292e60833c736" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#29bb71224cdc4a09a4f292e60833c736" title="我应该清洁旧砖墙吗？"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">我应该清洁旧砖墙吗？</span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-a7da69fa34a9429c818f58ad1646afd0">在某些情况下，清洁是合理的，但在许多情况下可能会造成更多的伤害。它有损害砖砌的风险，可以去除建筑的历史感，并可能只带来短期好处。然而，当有需要时，清洁是合适的，例如，去除不适当的油漆饰面、涂鸦或非常重的污染。</div><div class="notion-text notion-block-e12c9ba5f1554715b71313b5adffff81">清洁方法必须与专家仔细选择。磨损技术经常去除砖块的保护火皮，使得更柔软的内部部分易于衰败。水基方法可以引起难看的白色沉积物（风化现象）或潮湿渗透。化学清洁有时可以产生满意的结果，但如果冲洗不足可能会引起染色。总是应该首先进行现场试验。</div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-5ba664401ad14149aa0803927e13bb7f" data-id="5ba664401ad14149aa0803927e13bb7f"><span><div id="5ba664401ad14149aa0803927e13bb7f" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#5ba664401ad14149aa0803927e13bb7f" title="历史砌体修复最佳实践"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">历史砌体修复最佳实践</span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-f5efdd985d5d4b60a4c7ed076de40c29">历史砌体建筑常见的问题是建筑师、工程师、保护专家、承包商和业主经常面临的挑战，需要评估和解决。历史上通常指的是年龄在50年或以上且在建筑学或文化上具有重要性的建筑。为了让这些老建筑在现代时代继续保持相关性，需要进行修改和升级。这可能会改变历史砌体围护结构的功能。经过深思熟虑且设计得当的修复项目可以保护砌体建筑的完整性，并使其继续服务于未来几十年。通过对历史砌体材料属性、墙体系统、条件评估以及修复和恢复的最佳实践有更深的了解，设计和建造专业人员可以成功地开发和实施适合其具有文化意义的项目的解决方案。</div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-7c5e4b54b30c46f6a590609592a1dfe0" data-id="7c5e4b54b30c46f6a590609592a1dfe0"><span><div id="7c5e4b54b30c46f6a590609592a1dfe0" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#7c5e4b54b30c46f6a590609592a1dfe0" title="历史砌体材料"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">历史砌体材料</span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-126a2af6f0e9476cb9d1304ce5ae3c61">历史砌体材料主要指砖、陶土、石材、混凝土块、铸石，其次是砂浆。在典型的砌体墙体组合中，砂浆可能占砌体墙系统的20%到25%。砌体材料在压缩方面表现良好，在未加固的情况下，其在张力方面的表现通常较差。每种材料的强度和孔隙率都有所不同，甚至同一种材料内部也存在差异。在开发处理方法时，了解每种砌体材料的共同特征，如强度、孔隙率/密度、吸水性、组成、骨料的类型和级配以及所使用的胶凝材料，是很重要的。</div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-acd697993b814c9b9cff3e8f1e6ea3e7" data-id="acd697993b814c9b9cff3e8f1e6ea3e7"><span><div id="acd697993b814c9b9cff3e8f1e6ea3e7" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#acd697993b814c9b9cff3e8f1e6ea3e7" title="砌体墙体系统"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">砌体墙体系统</span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-dd2321c96c0d42acb5b66ba5f30e5154">外部砌体墙体系统经过几个世纪的实验和最近建筑行业的快速变化而发展。历史系统主要归类为以下几种：质量墙、过渡墙、幕墙/障壁墙和空腔墙。与这些砌体墙体系统集成的额外元素包括但不限于金属系带、铁和钢锚固件、钢梁、钢结构元素、闪光带和密封剂。每种墙体系统都有不同的元素，这些元素贡献于墙体的移动方式、水管理方式以及与各种类型的砌体材料整体功能如何配合。下面包括了主要历史砌体墙体系统的描述以及它们如何管理水分的说明。</div><div class="notion-text notion-block-1e72901315804595a1238140c0036468">外部砌体墙体系统经过几个世纪的实验和最近建筑行业的快速变化而发展。历史系统主要归类为以下几种：质量墙、过渡墙、幕墙/障壁墙和空腔墙。与这些砌体墙体系统集成的额外元素包括但不限于金属系带、铁和钢锚固件、钢梁、钢结构元素、闪光带和密封剂。每种墙体系统都有不同的元素，这些元素贡献于墙体如何移动、管理水分以及与各种类型的砌体材料整体如何功能（图3）。下面包括了主要历史砌体墙体系统的描述。</div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-31c074c578ea4c3381a4825309ec1cae" data-id="31c074c578ea4c3381a4825309ec1cae"><span><div id="31c074c578ea4c3381a4825309ec1cae" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#31c074c578ea4c3381a4825309ec1cae" title="质量墙"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">质量墙</span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-c060c6c678124c06b47cd81ea139997d">质量墙体系统是最古老的类型，基于经验设计，并有成千上万年的持久记录。这些系统中使用的砌体材料通常是石头和砖，但也可以包括装饰性的陶土或铸石。质量墙具有承重功能，是建筑的主要结构。楼板、屋顶和内部柱可以是木材、钢材或石材和砖砌结构。</div><div class="notion-text notion-block-93aad15d741848b4a75426a8253b82bb">世界上有许多例子可以追溯到数千年前，一直到20世纪，它们都是由厚重的石砌结构建造的，希腊雅典的帕台农神庙就是其中之一。在19世纪和20世纪，随着建造更高建筑的愿望，较小的石头和砖单元被结合并捆绑在一起，以扩展质量墙建造的极限。最高的例子是1891年由丹尼尔·伯纳姆和约翰·韦尔伯恩·鲁特在伊利诺伊州芝加哥建造的16层莫纳德诺克大楼，其基座墙厚度为6英尺。质量砌体外墙倾向于作为一个统一元素移动。为了有效管理水分，外立面必须保持良好，以防止大量水分进入。质量墙的厚度允许一些残余水分和湿气进入墙内并自然干燥。它还需要墙体两侧的蒸汽传输和透气性。</div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-8fd8382f8eca4c92a1dc90856f93c035" data-id="8fd8382f8eca4c92a1dc90856f93c035"><span><div id="8fd8382f8eca4c92a1dc90856f93c035" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#8fd8382f8eca4c92a1dc90856f93c035" title="过渡墙"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">过渡墙</span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-5718ae7859524b55adfb085e5b30dc00">过渡式砌体墙体组合代表了从1890年代到第二次世界大战期间的建造时期，在此期间建筑行业从质量墙向钢骨架框架建造“过渡”。随着建造更高建筑的愿望增加，以及电梯的使用引入，质量墙成为了一种无效的建筑策略。为承重而必需的质量墙厚度减少了窗口开口的空间，因而减少了光线和通风。这些墙还减少了大量可用的内部空间，特别是在建筑的底部。为了提供足够的结构同时增加平面空间和窗口开口，钢材成为了流行的解决方案。过渡式砌体墙系统是砌体和钢材的混合体，但不被视为幕墙或障壁墙系统。</div><div class="notion-text notion-block-3b180e24a2b9403395481f54c0e98aa5">在质量砌体建筑中整合钢材开始于使用钢材元素来支撑各种负载。后来过渡到使用全钢结构，外部覆以砌体。砌体材料和钢材的行为不同，具有不同的材料属性，包括热膨胀系数。虽然质量砌体墙有些许统一移动，但添加钢材会造成差异移动。然而，由于钢材在这一时期相对较新，其长期性能尚未完全理解，转换砌体建造中通常不包括运动接缝和隔离膜。</div><div class="notion-text notion-block-16f54dd1b02149aeab88641b28c02576">质量砌体和过渡式砌体墙系统通常根据它们的结构而不是它们的热/湿度管理功能来定义。两种建筑类型通常都设计有被动通风系统，这有助于墙的湿润和干燥能力。质量砌体通过内部和外部表面的干燥来管理水分。过渡墙通常由于添加了钢材而减少了砌体，这限制了砌体到一两层砖，因此在管理湿气方面的砌体不够强大。在建造时很少考虑添加次级组件来处理这个问题。</div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-659203bb9f384d509ab9cbbf2b459c4e" data-id="659203bb9f384d509ab9cbbf2b459c4e"><span><div id="659203bb9f384d509ab9cbbf2b459c4e" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#659203bb9f384d509ab9cbbf2b459c4e" title="幕墙/障壁"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">幕墙/障壁</span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-fca0c5dd54704d388ec47a6c3fde8a9a">幕墙系统，也称为障壁墙系统，仅将砌体用作外部覆层系统。主要建筑结构通常是钢材或混凝土。砌体覆层与结构相连，并使用架空角和系带来支撑砌体单元的重力和侧向负荷。这是一种常见的建筑类型，用于那些以陶土和维度（薄）石材饰面覆盖的建筑。</div><div class="notion-text notion-block-11ad691ed97c43b7aa317930c6b10a6d">与过渡式砌体墙系统类似，幕墙/障壁墙也通常几乎没有适应不同材料的移动，并且不包括砌体和钢材之间的运动接缝或隔离材料。此外，它们没有内部水管理系统。这些系统的设计错误地假设外立面作为一个障碍，防止水穿透墙体系统。实际上，如果水渗透外表面，就没有办法将其从墙体系统中排出。</div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-75548dded5b4421d9ad83851536c44d6" data-id="75548dded5b4421d9ad83851536c44d6"><span><div id="75548dded5b4421d9ad83851536c44d6" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#75548dded5b4421d9ad83851536c44d6" title="空腔墙"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">空腔墙</span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-79b80b932e634e2f8e2bdb449e27c6d5">空腔墙的演变来自于对一些残余水分可能会渗透砌体覆层系统的理解。这种类型被设计为在外部砌体覆层和主结构之间管理水分。主结构可以是钢材、混凝土或混凝土砌块单位（CMU），填充材料可以是混凝土或CMU。使用横向系带和架空角来支撑外部覆层系统。</div><div class="notion-text notion-block-c6ab67bde447451fb7b30660ae83a25a">通过在外部砌体覆层和主结构之间包括一个空气空间以及使用闪光部件来帮助排除水分来管理水分。旧的闪光系统包括铜、建筑纸和沥青产品等材料。现代闪光系统可以包括倾斜的不锈钢薄板金、滴水边、自粘膜、成型端坝、机械固定的终止条和泄水孔。</div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-de4d3777a7d6428c86225c391b8a1549" data-id="de4d3777a7d6428c86225c391b8a1549"><span><div id="de4d3777a7d6428c86225c391b8a1549" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#de4d3777a7d6428c86225c391b8a1549" title="条件评估"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">条件评估</span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-4ccdf205252641a1bff7faeb633e1c93">进行完整的建筑条件评估对于确定问题的原因和损坏的程度至关重要。这种方法还有助于理解建筑的原始设计/功能与基于新的编程需求将来可能如何使用的差异。评估包括背景研究、调查、测试和制定处理选项。</div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-ada7008493e74a3d8bd6be59d9cb5a31" data-id="ada7008493e74a3d8bd6be59d9cb5a31"><span><div id="ada7008493e74a3d8bd6be59d9cb5a31" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#ada7008493e74a3d8bd6be59d9cb5a31" title="背景"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">背景</span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-515ee8959e6f4b2d8704fb829c0df29d">如建筑的建造、修复和维护历史等背景信息为观察到的条件提供了关键的背景。原始图纸可能有帮助，但并不总是可用的。修复和维护记录在概述以前使用的材料以及问题持续发生的位置方面很有用。另一种获取宝贵信息的方法是访问维护人员和建筑管理者。您能收集的关于建筑的信息越多，对项目前进越有益。</div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-001c67fac45e4dd79bbd925226e853cd" data-id="001c67fac45e4dd79bbd925226e853cd"><span><div id="001c67fac45e4dd79bbd925226e853cd" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#001c67fac45e4dd79bbd925226e853cd" title="调查"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">调查</span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-a7e9444b6fa64d0fa611305adc9e0e26">建筑的调查允许以全面的方式诊断任何问题，这始于围绕建筑和屋顶区域的走动。应使用或制定立面图以记录整个立面和屋顶的视觉观察。建筑上最脆弱的位置是水平表面，如护墙和窗台，凸出物，如檐口和带课，以及任何朝天的表面。如果在水平表面发现损坏或破损，可以肯定水分已经或将直接渗入墙体系统。角落也是建筑的易受影响区域，因为缺乏运动接缝和较高的应力集中。</div><div class="notion-text notion-block-0fe6fde6a6d2488589a3339a0460dbcd">至关重要的是要仔细查看水平表面，并在各个代表性立面区域识别位置。应结合敲击表面进行近距离观察，以发现任何隐藏的缺陷或分层。用于敲击的工具将取决于砌体材料（例如，对于陶土使用橡胶锤，对于硬石使用金属锤）。还可能需要额外的探测和挑选工具来评估材料。</div><div class="notion-text notion-block-37e03b19f2b042be8f83f40d1089c111">调查还应包括探索性开口，以限制修复工作期间不希望出现的意外。开口通常由合格的砌体修复承包商完成，其中外部材料的移除需要小心进行。开口允许进行评估的工程师或建筑师记录建筑和材料细节，并将其与任何图纸或之前的假设进行比较。</div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-93c53e77d2ff494aa766c7dca2956ce3" data-id="93c53e77d2ff494aa766c7dca2956ce3"><span><div id="93c53e77d2ff494aa766c7dca2956ce3" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#93c53e77d2ff494aa766c7dca2956ce3" title="测试"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">测试</span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-9adbe658c5514dcaa00b1c2ba6eaea13">可能需要进行现场和实验室测试，以充分了解立面的恶化或水渗透的根本原因。现场测试可能是非破坏性的或破坏性的。使用各种类型的设备进行的非破坏性评估（NDE）通常有助于确定锚固或加固的位置和大小。现场侵入性测试可以包括砖的平板千斤顶测试、水测试或粘合测试。</div><div class="notion-text notion-block-ad13329f4ee0407dae99d490624f63e7">当需要更多关于砌体材料的信息时，应在离散但具有代表性的位置移除样本。实验室测试可能包括压缩、张力、弯曲、吸收、孔隙度/密度、粘结和蒸汽传输。样品还可以通过显微镜和岩相学检查来评估材料的组成和组分。这些步骤对于现有材料和将要使用的新材料（包括砌体材料及其相关的砂浆）通常是至关重要的。</div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-7bec7d628de14491abbbcf6eaf202f4b" data-id="7bec7d628de14491abbbcf6eaf202f4b"><span><div id="7bec7d628de14491abbbcf6eaf202f4b" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#7bec7d628de14491abbbcf6eaf202f4b" title="处理选项"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">处理选项</span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-ed53ba3e3125457691737f5a0490363b">在背景研究、现场调查和测试期间收集和记录的信息提供了理解建筑、其功能以及应该解决根本问题的区域和材料的宝贵信息。选择的处理选项将影响砌体墙将如何表现。项目预算和时间表有时可能限制理想的修复选项。因此，花时间概述损坏和各种处理选项对项目团队和业主做出明智决策有帮助。在未进行全面的条件评估的情况下贸然制定修复和恢复治疗选项，可能导致由于未解决的问题（如水渗透）而导致的修复失败。</div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-0fc8899629904199a462ffc94cc531b1" data-id="0fc8899629904199a462ffc94cc531b1"><span><div id="0fc8899629904199a462ffc94cc531b1" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#0fc8899629904199a462ffc94cc531b1" title="常见的恶化"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">常见的恶化</span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-0cb36bccd51640ccb7be3f6b549c8260">砌体材料通常在压缩中很强，但可能对张力应力敏感，因此常见的损坏包括裂缝、剥落（手大小的材料缺失）或剥离（薄外层缺失）。一些常见的恶化趋势如下所述。</div><div class="notion-text notion-block-389b90e4159147cbac741dcbdcaf4d78">水渗透是最常见的恶化来源，尤其是在未设计有水管理系统或未考虑材料移动的质量墙、过渡墙和幕墙/障壁墙系统中。水导致冰在砌体内冻结和膨胀、内部钢铁的腐蚀以及锈迹产物的膨胀。钢铁位于砌体上方或邻近砌体时，也会发生差异热膨胀/收缩，早期设计中并未考虑这一点。砌体的裂缝、剥落和剥离为更多水渗透打开了外立面，加剧了损坏循环。</div><div class="notion-text notion-block-10e980fe8e024f0dae1455438fcca52d">其他恶化原因可能包括之前不适当的处理，导致裂缝和剥落或材料中的水分困扰。与原材料相比，密度和强度更高的</div><div class="notion-text notion-block-225985b1381540eea43fa897a95d5840">修补、替换材料或指向砂浆可能会通过困住水分和不允许蒸汽传输及差异移动来损害相邻的原材料。同样，施加涂层或密封剂也会改变砌体材料的透气性，更重要的是砂浆，导致水分困扰和砌体系统的损害。</div><div class="notion-text notion-block-dddb07ef8e2f4e69b98c94c5fd73623f">由于水更有可能渗透到水平表面而非垂直表面，易于恶化的区域包括护墙、檐口、带课、窗台和阳台。隐藏的水平表面也更容易保留渗透的水，包括钢梁、架空角和钢梁翼缘。在所有情况下，水渗透都会导致砌体系统的恶化和损坏。</div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-8e59cfb5b1e6418e92d555cb161b0c52" data-id="8e59cfb5b1e6418e92d555cb161b0c52"><span><div id="8e59cfb5b1e6418e92d555cb161b0c52" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#8e59cfb5b1e6418e92d555cb161b0c52" title="修复和恢复选项"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">修复和恢复选项</span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-099387f1efe3435eb7a1c99f8b845dcd">一旦完成了条件评估，已知砌体系统和材料，已为迫在眉睫的危险安装了任何必要的临时稳定措施，并且定义了项目目标，就可以开发修复和恢复选项。一般按此顺序进行的修复有三个主要类别：水平表面保护、砌体系统修复和砌体及砂浆材料修复。</div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-e1bd064bc1cb4599a19339d5eed94973" data-id="e1bd064bc1cb4599a19339d5eed94973"><span><div id="e1bd064bc1cb4599a19339d5eed94973" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#e1bd064bc1cb4599a19339d5eed94973" title="保护水平表面"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">保护水平表面</span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-04931039082245729e2dbf3a56b06dca">假设屋顶及其细节已经评估并且是防水的，那么第一个也是最重要的修复应该是保护外立面的水平表面，包括护墙、檐口、带课、阳台、窗台和任何其他凸出物。有几个不同成本和耐用性的选项。下面的一个或多个处理可能适用于项目：</div><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-921d07bac6d94d7394988bb2408f28ca"><li>在准备、清洁和打底的水平面砂浆接缝上安装密封剂和背衬棒。密封剂可以根据细节在垂直接缝的表面向下包裹一小部分。硅酮密封剂预计使用寿命可达10年。由于接缝非常关键，不建议等到完全预期的保修期；相反，应每年进行脱粘或破损的评估。</li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-f66300c1392244328ade269b98fd78b8"><li>在新安装的密封接缝上安装硅酮片作为额外保护。确保硅酮片和硅酮接缝材料兼容并粘结。</li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-83c5aabc7fef49c49fcfba53468f9808"><li>安装铅T接头盖作为新安装的密封接缝的额外保护。</li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-20922407c5cd40cc87253729b8fc2496"><li>安装金属片作为额外的长期保护。材料选项包括铜、锡锌合金铜、不锈钢、涂漆镀锌和阳极氧化铝金属片金/闪光带。新组件应提供倾斜、与防水膜的整合、长跑长度的膨胀细节、合适的转接/过渡接缝到垂直腿部和滴水边。根据所选材料，这个解决方案的寿命可以从40年到100年不等。这是不可逆转的，锚固和膜会影响原材料，但这些解决方案也为砌体外立面提供了高水平的保护和弹性。</li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-b4c9e3a6acfb4384a4913b0768c434bc"><li>应用增强型液体屋面膜，特别是当存在非线性条件时，如带有装饰和</li></ul><div class="notion-text notion-block-d3443e834ca24305953c243767be7b0e">曲线的檐口。应根据制造商的指导准备表面，正确安装层和增强材料，以及安装防紫外线（UV）保护顶层。顶层可以与砌体材料匹配。由于在安装膜之前对顶面进行的准备工作，这个解决方案是不可逆转的。</div><div class="notion-text notion-block-e0b9326a75f74d939b7baf5493d8312c">通过墙体金属片安装在特定的细节处，尤其是在盖板单元，可以移除并重新安装，以便安装通过墙体的金属片。这是一个优秀的50至100年的长期解决方案，且较不明显。最常用的材料是不锈钢或铜，它与防水膜、膨胀细节和滴水边集成在一起。为盖板单元设置的锚固将需要与此解决方案集成，以确保穿透细节是防水的。这不一定意味着只用密封剂，而是一种已作为样品安装并经水测试确认不会漏水的解决方案。在重新安装盖板单元后，应安装其中一个接缝密封细节以保护系统。</div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-4983d3611a3843a68c8558864e3b4348" data-id="4983d3611a3843a68c8558864e3b4348"><span><div id="4983d3611a3843a68c8558864e3b4348" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#4983d3611a3843a68c8558864e3b4348" title="砌体系统修复"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">砌体系统修复</span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-6fc08ad8bb154ffaab71b2756bf080bc">砌体系统的修复包括修理、更换或涂覆暴露的腐蚀钢元件，整合新的水管理闪光，并添加补充锚固。项目可能需要以下一个或多个措施：</div><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-d31f1f6bedc74e2eb4aa8d4bcdb60f7b"><li>腐蚀钢材 - 移除砌体以暴露腐蚀的钢元素。评估钢材的条件，以确定其是否需要更换或修复。为了给钢材增加保护，按照制造商的指示清洁并涂覆防腐涂层系统。</li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-987e0f85a6f94bf59fd58c4b9f18d7d1"><li>水管理闪光 - 移除砌体以暴露导致积水的水平钢元素。这在过渡式砌体建筑细节中很常见。安装一个新的不锈钢闪光系统，包括机械固定的终止条、倾斜、端坝、滴水边和网状泄水孔。</li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-dcfeeb1b060f468cb2957f05f839e208"><li>补充锚固 - 如果砌体外立面需要额外的补充锚固以改善侧向支撑，有不锈钢的选择，包括螺旋形、膨胀式、螺纹杆镶嵌在环氧树脂中，以及灌浆管。不是所有的锚固方式都适合每种类型的砌体，选择应基于观察到的材料和条件仔细挑选。应对砌体材料和后备系统进行模拟和拉力测试，以确保使用适当的锚固。</li></ul><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-65d69111a8a741de900458fc95789990" data-id="65d69111a8a741de900458fc95789990"><span><div id="65d69111a8a741de900458fc95789990" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#65d69111a8a741de900458fc95789990" title="砌体与砂浆材料修复"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">砌体与砂浆材料修复</span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-d1dba9f24b564665a32df45baae140f4">修复的两个主要方法包括替换砌体单元和/或用水泥修复材料修补原始单元。方法的确定基于识别的条件、项目的预算和时间表，以及项目目标和耐用性期望。在任何情况下，最重要的标准是新材料与现有材料的属性匹配。匹配砌体材料和砂浆的重要属性包括压缩和抗弯强度、密度、吸水率和蒸汽传输。还必须知道材料成分，如粘土、骨料和胶凝组分，以便原材料可以匹配或具有比原材料更弱的特性。</div><div class="notion-text notion-block-1f2623af04d0450cbbc5d15d1ebb68f2">匹配至关重要，以便新材料不会导致意外的未来损害。如果选用的材料过硬、过密、蒸汽传输率较低和/或不允许砌体系统功能和管理水分，可能会发生损害。新材料应该是牺牲材料，而不是原材料。</div><div class="notion-text notion-block-d4d84fa08a304e289a4c8dd22d91beae">还应注意，新材料通常与历史材料不同。水泥和水泥基材料在更高的窑炉温度下进行烧制，通常磨得更细，可能导致更强更密的混合物。这对于铸石、混凝土块、混凝土和砂浆特别重要。确保选择适当且与所修复的砌体单元和系统兼容的水泥基材料。这可能包括各种类型的石灰、波特兰水泥、天然水泥和火山灰/替代水泥基材料，或它们的组合。同样，基于粘土的材料通常处理得更加均匀和密集。与制造商合作，为每个项目选择适当的材料。</div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-e4bdeb0567d943668d40ab15eae89e5d" data-id="e4bdeb0567d943668d40ab15eae89e5d"><span><div id="e4bdeb0567d943668d40ab15eae89e5d" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#e4bdeb0567d943668d40ab15eae89e5d" title="合格的石匠"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">合格的石匠</span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-321554fc20e848399dbd97147de84ae3">当项目团队中包括合格的工匠时，历史砌体修复项目才能成功。国际砌体学院（IMI）为国际砖瓦和相关工匠联盟的砌体修复承包商提供为期六天的历史砌体保护证书（HMPC）课程。该程序旨在为在历史性财产上工作的联盟砌体承包商提供更高水平的知识和理解。综合课程涵盖课堂和实践练习，以发展和完善砌体修复专长。IMI提供了建筑师和工程师可以在其规范中包含的资质语言，以确保在其项目上进行工作的砌体工匠是熟练、合格并成功完成了证书项目。有关HMPC和IMI证书项目的更多信息，包括样本规范语言，请访问IMIweb.org/training。</div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-e35b500e3612466e8d2129a59e477df6" data-id="e35b500e3612466e8d2129a59e477df6"><span><div id="e35b500e3612466e8d2129a59e477df6" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#e35b500e3612466e8d2129a59e477df6" title="结论"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">结论</span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-c46a8cc351fc4d95b0bf2427f1166669">历史砌体建筑是耐用且长久的；修复、修理、翻新和维护这些外立面对于保护我们社区和国家的历史纹理至关重要。项目应包括全面的文件审查和条件评估，以了解砌体墙体系统的类型、砌体和砂浆材料以及立面元素和材料的条件。通常，在修复项目中会有未知因素，然而，通过尽可能多地获得信息进入项目，可以战略性地开发带有治疗选项的修复计划。在安全问题得到纠正后，首要任务应是保护水平面。然后应解决钢材、锚固和水管理等其他系统修复。砌体修复材料应与现有砌体材料在属性和组成上兼容。最后一步是确保合格的修复石匠是成功项目团队的一部分，并实施精心制定的修复计划。</div></main></div>]]></content:encoded>
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            <title><![CDATA[封装python程序的教程]]></title>
            <link>https://me.zhengliang.org/article/faf17540-7719-4cb0-bd68-62d21fa9ab22</link>
            <guid>https://me.zhengliang.org/article/faf17540-7719-4cb0-bd68-62d21fa9ab22</guid>
            <pubDate>Mon, 13 May 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <content:encoded><![CDATA[<div id="notion-article" class="mx-auto overflow-hidden "><main class="notion light-mode notion-page notion-block-faf1754077194cb0bd6862d21fa9ab22"><div class="notion-viewport"></div><div class="notion-collection-page-properties"></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-01068eb34e9743489291adbebb8bb3ba">要将你的Python程序打包成一个可以直接运行的应用，你可以使用一些流行的打包工具，如<code class="notion-inline-code">PyInstaller</code>、<code class="notion-inline-code">cx_Freeze</code>、或<code class="notion-inline-code">Py2exe</code>（仅限Windows）。这些工具可以将你的Python脚本以及其依赖项一起打包成独立的可执行文件。对于跨平台应用，<code class="notion-inline-code">PyInstaller</code>是一个很好的选择。以下是使用<code class="notion-inline-code">PyInstaller</code>来打包你的程序的步骤：</div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-d302d310e2e44d6d81d70f239d4c2f53" data-id="d302d310e2e44d6d81d70f239d4c2f53"><span><div id="d302d310e2e44d6d81d70f239d4c2f53" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#d302d310e2e44d6d81d70f239d4c2f53" title="1. 安装PyInstaller"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">1. 安装PyInstaller</span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-fb55b9b7828f4e54816b69c3b8443e54">首先，你需要安装<code class="notion-inline-code">PyInstaller</code>。可以通过pip来安装：</div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-b0919e3753744b1d809c09050f4eb08e" data-id="b0919e3753744b1d809c09050f4eb08e"><span><div id="b0919e3753744b1d809c09050f4eb08e" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#b0919e3753744b1d809c09050f4eb08e" title="2. 打包程序"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">2. 打包程序</span></span></h4><ol start="1" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-ee27f8ef38d64635b228d4f696d6aff5"><li><b>定位到你的脚本目录</b>：使用命令行工具（如cmd、Terminal等），并切换到包含你的Python脚本的目录。</li></ol><ol start="2" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-cfb1d8733b3f443999f835e8bd1bddb8"><li><b>运行PyInstaller</b>：在命令行中输入以下命令来打包你的脚本（这里假设你的脚本名为<code class="notion-inline-code">app.py</code>）：</li></ol><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-541193051ed94c37b7a041e9759aacd8"><li><code class="notion-inline-code">-onefile</code>：告诉PyInstaller将所有东西打包成一个单独的可执行文件。</li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-06556b41c16945d0be9611b8667208fd"><li><code class="notion-inline-code">-windowed</code>：防止打开命令行窗口（对于GUI应用来说通常是期望的）。如果你的应用需要命令行交互，可以省略这个选项。</li></ul><ol start="1" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-89dcd3389b16494991193d06469a5ba2"><li><b>找到你的应用</b>：打包完成后，你会在<code class="notion-inline-code">dist</code>目录下找到打包好的应用。这个目录会在你的脚本目录中创建。</li></ol><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-ad872c4b37da414d8e21b33ecddfb731" data-id="ad872c4b37da414d8e21b33ecddfb731"><span><div id="ad872c4b37da414d8e21b33ecddfb731" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#ad872c4b37da414d8e21b33ecddfb731" title="3. 注意事项"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">3. 注意事项</span></span></h4><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-2fc5675c77f241f48478408a8f8d78dd"><li>在打包之前，确保你的程序在本地环境中能够正常运行，包括所有外部资源的正确加载和使用。</li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-7c9a7db6d6c04519bfed5c406d79937f"><li>打包后的应用体积可能相对较大，这是因为它包含了Python解释器以及所有必需的库。</li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-31c4ef6e03a84b148ef99718e2617c5d"><li>如果你的程序使用了外部文件或资源（如图像、数据文件等），可能需要在PyInstaller的命令中或者<code class="notion-inline-code">.spec</code>文件中额外指定这些资源，以确保它们被正确包含在最终的可执行文件中。</li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-54557fe297434ca99e1979966c819b34"><li>在不同的操作系统上打包时，需要在目标操作系统上进行打包操作，因为打包出的可执行文件是特定于操作系统的。</li></ul><div class="notion-text notion-block-4dde5bb3ed944979b35dcd7d6037eccf">使用PyInstaller打包应用是一个相对简单直接的过程，但可能需要根据你的应用特定需求进行调整。更多细节和高级用法，可以参考<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="notion-link" href="http://www.pyinstaller.org/">PyInstaller官方文档</a>。</div></main></div>]]></content:encoded>
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            <title><![CDATA[Gemini私有部署]]></title>
            <link>https://me.zhengliang.org/article/21fdccec-0d8a-4c11-9a24-b92ea2cfe5d6</link>
            <guid>https://me.zhengliang.org/article/21fdccec-0d8a-4c11-9a24-b92ea2cfe5d6</guid>
            <pubDate>Mon, 13 May 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <content:encoded><![CDATA[<div id="notion-article" class="mx-auto overflow-hidden "><main class="notion light-mode notion-page notion-block-21fdccec0d8a4c119a24b92ea2cfe5d6"><div class="notion-viewport"></div><div class="notion-collection-page-properties"></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-c564541c18394513b3be53256acfbbd1">Gemini是一个多模式语言模型的系列,由谷歌DeepMind开发,是LaMDA的后继,属于PaLM2系列的新一代。Gemini包含Gemini Ultra、Gemini Pro和Gemini Nano。它们于2023年12月6日面世,被定位为与OpenAI的GPT-4抗衡的产品系列。</div><h2 class="notion-h notion-h1 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-9f0ae289e59749f39927f4cf0766ee04" data-id="9f0ae289e59749f39927f4cf0766ee04"><span><div id="9f0ae289e59749f39927f4cf0766ee04" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#9f0ae289e59749f39927f4cf0766ee04" title="一、介绍"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">一、介绍</span></span></h2><div class="notion-text notion-block-227e57544e1c486f9135fb3d004c6f2d">本文介绍了根据网友的开源项目5分钟部署自己的专有Google Gemini Chat。</div><div class="notion-text notion-block-6999555bb51e4600b3d1bca14f2a9485">准备条件：</div><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-19f6fbfe31e843528ce6284557eba4ba"><li>一个Google账号；</li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-b0a11d5be12e4c77baf5eaa3508f6b7a"><li>一个Vercel账号；</li></ul><h2 class="notion-h notion-h1 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-cb869ea62e314b5191014bfd400a840b" data-id="cb869ea62e314b5191014bfd400a840b"><span><div id="cb869ea62e314b5191014bfd400a840b" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#cb869ea62e314b5191014bfd400a840b" title="二、操作步骤"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">二、操作步骤</span></span></h2><ol start="1" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-4b814b99c0d341d4bca5945ec8e99c8d"><li>从 Google 获取 API 密钥，您可以在以下位置注册 API 密钥，用谷歌账户登录获取 https://makersuite.google.com/app/apikey。</li></ol><figure class="notion-asset-wrapper notion-asset-wrapper-image notion-block-41e00c9afcb74756be1256d733a49deb"><div style="position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-self:center;width:700px;max-width:100%;flex-direction:column"><img style="object-fit:cover" src="https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2023/png/40499347/1703050528625-cf166fab-a845-4c32-a29e-a23761259c87.png?t=41e00c9a-fcb7-4756-be12-56d733a49deb" alt="notion image" loading="lazy" decoding="async"/></div></figure><figure class="notion-asset-wrapper notion-asset-wrapper-image notion-block-adbb8ebecb50491c88ddbe75a9193110"><div style="position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-self:center;width:700px;max-width:100%;flex-direction:column"><img style="object-fit:cover" src="https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2023/png/40499347/1703050534871-65ee5a51-1d59-4ffc-bb9a-da5cde27f9d9.png?t=adbb8ebe-cb50-491c-88dd-be75a9193110" alt="notion image" loading="lazy" decoding="async"/></div></figure><ol start="1" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-0c9dd6b78e91441baf7ddbb267556be9"><li>访问<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="notion-link" href="https://github.com/babaohuang/GeminiProChat?tab=readme-ov-file#deploy">Github项目主页</a>，点击“Deploy”按钮。</li></ol><figure class="notion-asset-wrapper notion-asset-wrapper-image notion-block-4049b38ea69b401e812b9fc8f4a41f9e"><div style="position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-self:center;width:700px;max-width:100%;flex-direction:column"><img style="object-fit:cover" src="https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2023/png/40499347/1703050554280-5982c279-d088-4235-8e4d-25d75d84c869.png?t=4049b38e-a69b-401e-812b-9fc8f4a41f9e" alt="notion image" loading="lazy" decoding="async"/></div></figure><ol start="1" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-7869ba1816b5440c8071dea4d21b15d6"><li>部署项目，其中变量Gemini Pro API为必填，就是前面在Google账户获取的API。</li></ol><figure class="notion-asset-wrapper notion-asset-wrapper-image notion-block-12534cab6bec487aa5f564a6db79befb"><div style="position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-self:center;width:700px;max-width:100%;flex-direction:column"><img style="object-fit:cover" src="https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2023/png/40499347/1703050572059-c867afb3-a1b8-400c-a639-1017108ff324.png?t=12534cab-6bec-487a-a5f5-64a6db79befb" alt="notion image" loading="lazy" decoding="async"/></div></figure></main></div>]]></content:encoded>
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